There are no vaccines to prevent or medications to treat WNV in people. Fortunately, most people infected with WNV do not feel sick. About 1 in 5 people who are infected develop a fever and other symptoms.
About 1 out of infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, illness. You can reduce your risk of WNV by using insect repellent and wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants to prevent mosquito bites. Three pools of Cx. Models identified Cx. For Plasmodium models, R 0 values were higher when Cx.
These results suggest that the transmission of these vector-borne pathogens depends on different Culex species, and consequently, their transmission niches will present different spatial and temporal patterns. The first symptoms of Malaria are fever, headache, and chills.
But, Malaria can become severe and causes death due to conditions such as severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria and multi-organ failure. Transmission of Malaria takes place through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several factors affecting the transmission: the parasite, the vector, the human host, and the environment.
The infection of the West Nile virus spreads among humans from an infected mosquito. The principal vectors of the West Nile virus are the mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Mosquitoes get the virus from infected birds since birds are the natural hosts of West Nile virus. In addition to humans, horses and other mammals can also be infected by this virus. West Nile fever often causes mild symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands.
But when the virus enters the human brain, it can be life threatening due to the inflammation of the brain encephalitis. Moreover, it can cause the inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis. Serum IgM antibody may persist for more than a year. IgG antibody sero-conversion or significant increase in antibody titers in two serial specimen collected at a one week interval by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA ;.
Specific antiviral treatment for West Nile virus infection is not available. In mild infection pain relievers can be used to reduce fever. For patients with neuro-invasive West Nile virus infection treatment is supportive involving hospitalization, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections. No vaccine is available for humans.
West Nile encephalitis or meningitis or West Nile poliomyelitis: 1 in persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of disease.
Vaccine is not available for human use hence raising the awareness among population about the risk factors and educating people about measures they can take to reduce exposure to the virus are some ways to reduce infection in human population. Transmission of disease from mosquitoes to humans can be prevented by encouraging the use of mosquito nets, personal insect repellent, by wearing light coloured clothing long-sleeved shirts and trousers and by avoiding outdoor activity at peak biting times.
In residential areas mosquito breeding sites should be destroyed with the help of community participation. Persons should wear gloves and other protective clothing while handling sick animals or their tissues, and during slaughtering and culling procedures, for prevention of animal to human transmission. Integrated mosquito surveillance and control programmes in areas where the virus occurs are the measure for prevention of human WNV infections.
Integrated control measures include source reduction with community participation , water management, chemicals, and biological control methods. Occurrence of infection in human cases is usually preceded by outbreaks in animals therefore active animal health surveillance system to detect new cases in birds and horses is essential as an early warning signal for veterinary and human public health authorities.
In the Americas it is important to reporting dead birds to local authorities. Vaccines are available for horses.
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